1. What is Circuit Impedance?

Impedance (Z) is a complex quantity that represents the total opposition a circuit presents to alternating current. It consists of resistance (R) and reactance (X), where reactance can be either inductive or capacitive.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the impedance formula:

Where:

• \( Z \) — Complex impedance (Ω)
• \( R \) — Resistance (Ω)
• \( X \) — Reactance (Ω)
• \( j \) — Imaginary unit (√-1)

Explanation: The magnitude of impedance is calculated as \( |Z| = \sqrt{R^2 + X^2} \) and the phase angle as \( \theta = \arctan(X/R) \).

3. Importance of Impedance Calculation

Details: Impedance calculation is crucial for analyzing AC circuits, designing filters, matching networks, and understanding power transfer in electrical systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter resistance and reactance values in ohms. Both values can be positive or negative (negative reactance indicates capacitive reactance).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between impedance and resistance?
A: Resistance opposes DC current, while impedance opposes AC current and includes both resistive and reactive components.

Q2: What does negative reactance mean?
A: Negative reactance indicates capacitive reactance, while positive reactance indicates inductive reactance.

Q3: How is impedance used in real applications?
A: Impedance matching is used in RF circuits, audio systems, and transmission lines to maximize power transfer and minimize reflections.

Q4: What are the units of impedance?
A: Impedance is measured in ohms (Ω), the same unit as resistance.

Q5: Can impedance be purely real or purely imaginary?
A: Yes, purely real impedance occurs when X=0 (resistive circuit), and purely imaginary impedance occurs when R=0 (ideal inductor or capacitor).